Ethics in research are important rules that help scientists do their work in a good and fair way. These rules are about being honest and also about taking care of people and animals that might be part of the research. In history, some bad things happened because there were no rules or people didn't follow them. For example, the Nazis in Germany did horrible tests on people during World War II.
Now we have some big rules from all over the world, like the Nuremberg Code from 1947, to make sure everyone does research correctly. There are special groups in countries like the US, UK, and those in Europe that check that scientists are working in a way that is safe and fair to everyone.
Research ethics started with doctors and their need to treat people rightly. Over time, these ideas grew and now include how we treat animals and even how we handle information in our research. Ethics are very important in all kinds of scientific work, not just medicine.
The personal is political
People say "the personal is political." This idea became very popular in the 1960s and 1970s. It started with the feminists, who are women fighting for equal rights. They wanted to change families and what people thought families should be like.
This idea means that our personal lives are connected to politics. What happens at home or with our feelings is not just private. It can be part of bigger political problems. For example, if women are not happy being at home or taking care of children, it's not just their problem. It's a political issue because it's about how society treats women.
Because of this idea, people started to think more about how everyday things could be unfair or political. Even things like love, being a parent, or who does the cleaning, can be important for politics.
This thinking made a big difference. It helped people see that problems they thought were private actually needed big changes in laws and society to get better. Thanks to the idea "the personal is political," people noticed that everything in our lives can be part of politics.
Samuel Johnson's literary criticism
Samuel Johnson was a writer who had strong ideas about poetry and biographies. He liked poetry that was easy to understand and used everyday language. He did not like it when poets chose old or fancy words on purpose. Johnson thought the best poems had new and creative pictures in them. He also liked to write about feelings in his shorter poems. When he wrote about people's lives, he wanted to show the real story, even if it included bad things. This was different from others at the time who wanted to only show the good parts of someone's life.